GTK
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GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKitcite-ref-3[3] and GTK+cite-ref-0-4-0[4]) is a free open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs)cite-ref-5[5] targeted at Linux and specifically GNOME (though with some use in other desktop environments). It is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it.cite-ref-6[6]
The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis.cite-ref-roadmap-7-0[7] GTK 4 and GTK 3 are actively maintained, while GTK 2 is no longer supported.cite-ref-8[8] GTK 1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.cite-ref-9[9]
Contents
β’ GtkBuilder
β’ Backends
β’ GUI designers
β’ GTK Inspector
β’ Development
β’ Build automation
β’ Criticism
β’ Use
β’ Applications
β’ Window managers
β’ GtkSourceView
β’ GtkSpell
β’ History
β’ GTK 2
β’ GTK 3
β’ GTK 4
β’ Releases
β’ See also
β’ References
β’ Bibliography
β’ External links
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Software architecture
The GTK library contains a set of graphical control elements (widgets); version 3.22.16 contains 186 active and 36 deprecated widgets.cite-ref-10[10] GTK is an object-oriented widget toolkit written in the programming language C; it uses GObject (that is, the GLib object system) for object orientation. While GTK is mainly used with windowing systems based on X11 and Wayland, it works on other platforms, including Microsoft Windows (interfaced with the Windows API), and macOS (interfaced with Quartz). There is also an HTML5 back-end named Broadway.cite-ref-1-11-0[11]cite-ref-2-12-0[12]
GTK can be configured to change the look of the widgets drawn; this is done using different display engines. Several display engines exist which try to emulate the look of the native widgets on the platform in use.
On January 26, 2018 at DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes are being made in GTK 4 (>3.90), and why.cite-ref-15[15] On February 6, 2019 it was announced that GTK 4 will drop the β+β from the project's name.cite-ref-0-4-1[4]
GTK Drawing Kit (GDK)
GDK acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems.
GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK)
GSK is the rendering and scene graph API for GTK. GSK lies between the graphical control elements (widgets) and the rendering. GSK was finally merged into GTK version 3.90 released March 2017.
GtkBuilder
GtkBuilder allows user interfaces to be designed without writing code. The interface is described in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file which is written by hand or generated by a GUI designer, which is then loaded at runtime and the objects created automatically. The description of the user interface is independent from the programming language being used.
Language bindings
Language bindings are available for using GTK from languages other than C, including C++, Genie, JavaScript, Perl, Python, Vala, and others.cite-ref-16[16]
Backends
GTK supports various backends, which provides different ways to display GTK applications depending on the system and environment. Examples of GTK backends are:
β’ Wayland β Used with the Wayland display server on Linux systems, it is a modern replacement for X11.
β’ X11 β The default on Linux systems using the X.Org display server.
β’ Win32 β For running GTK applications on Windows.
β’ Quartz β For macOS support.
Development tools
GUI designers
There are several GUI designers for GTK. Here is a selection of GTK GUI designers:
β’ Glade - supports GtkBuilder, which is a GTK built-in GUI description format. (not actively maintained)
β’ Gazpacho - GUI builder for the GTK toolkit written in Pythoncite-ref-19[19]
β’ Crow Designer - relies on its own GuiXml format and GuiLoader library.cite-ref-20[20]
β’ Xojo
β’ Lazarus (on Linux defaults to interfacing with GTK 2)
GTK Inspector
The GTK Inspector is a built-in interactive debugging tool in GTK, allowing developers to inspect and modify UI elements, test CSS changes, and analyze widget structure in real time. It can be enabled using the Control + Shift + I or Control + Shift + D shortcuts, or by setting the GTK_DEBUG=interactive environment variable.cite-ref-21[21] It was introduced with GTK version 3.14.cite-ref-22[22]cite-ref-23[23]
Features
β’ Interactive debugging
β’ Real-time CSS testing and modifications
β’ Widget magnification for detailed inspection
β’ UI structure analysis and object property examination
β’ Customizable display settings via environment variables
β’ Detailed object inspection (type, state, properties, CSS, actions, etc.)
β’ Global application information display
β’ CSS rule debugging
β’ Rendering pipeline recording and inspection
Development
GTK is mainly developed by The GNOME Project, which also develops the GNOME Development Platform and the GNOME Desktop Environment.cite-ref-24[24] GTK is mainly written in C.cite-ref-25[25] Many language bindings are available.
GNOME developers and users gather at an annual GNOME Users And Developers European Conference GUADEC meeting to discuss GNOME's current state and future direction.cite-ref-26[26] GNOME incorporates standards and programs from freedesktop.org to better interoperate with other desktops.
Build automation
The master branch of GTK utilizes Meson for its build automation. GTK (and GNOME, GLib, etc.) formerly utilized the GNU Build System (named Autotools) as the build automation system of choice. Since August 14, 2017, the Autotools build system files have been dropped.cite-ref-28[28]
Criticism
The most common criticism of GTK is the lack of backward-compatibility in major updates, most notably in the application programming interface (API)cite-ref-29[29] and theming.cite-ref-30[30] The result is that application developers or theme developers have to rewrite parts of their code to make it work with a newer version of GTK.
The compatibility breaks between minor releases during the GTK 3.x development cycle was explained by Benjamin Otte as due to strong pressures to innovate, such as providing the features modern users expect and supporting the increasingly influential Wayland display server protocol. With the release of GTK 4, the pressure from the need to innovate will have been released and the balance between stability and innovation will tip toward stability.cite-ref-ottegtk4-31-0[31] Similarly, recent changes to theming are specifically intended to improve and stabilise that part of the API, meaning some investment now should be rewarded later.
β’ Dirk Hohndel, codeveloper of Subsurface and member of Intel's Open-Source Technology Center, criticized the GTK developers for being abrasive and ignoring most community requests.cite-ref-33[33]
Use
Applications
Some notable applications that use GTK as a widget toolkit include:
β’ Ardour, a digital audio workstation (DAW)
β’ Deluge, a BitTorrent client
β’ GIMP, a raster graphics editor
β’ GNOME Core Applications, a collection of applications as a standard bundle of the GNOME desktop environment
β’ GNOME Circle, a collection of applications created to work within the GNOME ecosystem
β’ HandBrake, digital video transcoder
β’ Inkscape, a vector graphics editor
β’ LibreOffice, an office suite
β’ Lutris, a game manager
β’ Mozilla Firefox, a web browser
β’ Mozilla Thunderbird, a personal information manager
β’ Pitivi, a video editor
β’ REAPER, a digital audio workstation (DAW)
β’ Remmina, a remote desktop client
β’ Transmission, a Bit Torrent client
GTK programs can be run on desktop environments based on X11 and Wayland, or others including ones not made with GTK, provided the needed libraries are installed; this includes macOS if X11.app is installed. GTK can be also run on Microsoft Windows. It is used by some popular cross-platform applications like Pidgin and GIMP. wxWidgets, a cross-platform GUI toolkit, uses GTK on Linux by default.cite-ref-39[39] Other ports include DirectFB (for example used by the Debian installer).
Desktop environments
Current
β’ GNOME, based on GTK, meaning that programs native to GNOME use GTK
β’ Budgie, built from scratch for the SolusOS successor, Solus Operating System
β’ Cinnamon, a fork of GNOME 3 which uses GTK version 3
β’ MATE, a fork of GNOME 2 which uses GTK 3 since version 1.18
β’ Xfce, based on GTK 3 since version 4.14
β’ Pantheon uses GTK 3 & 4, being developed by elementary OS
β’ LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) is based on GTK 2
Inactive
Window managers
The following window managers use GTK:
β’ Aewm
β’ AfterStep
β’ Amaterus
β’ Consortium
β’ IceWM
β’ Marco
β’ Metacity
β’ Muffin
β’ Mutter
β’ Sawfish
β’ Wmg
β’ Xfwm
GtkSourceView
For syntax highlighting there is GtkSourceView, "source code editing widget". GtkSourceView is maintained by GNOME separately from GTK as a library: gtksourceview. There are plans to rename to gsv.
GtkSpell
GtkSpell is a library separate from GTK. GtkSpell depends on GTK and Enchant. Enchant is a wrapper for ispell, hunspell, etc., the actual spell checker engine/software. GtkSpell uses GTK's GtkTextView widget, to highlight misspelled words and offer replacement.
History
GTK was originally designed and used in the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) as a replacement of the Motif toolkit; at some point Peter Mattis became disenchanted with Motif and began to write his own GUI toolkit named the GIMP toolkit and had successfully replaced Motif by the 0.60 release of GIMP.cite-ref-40[40] Finally GTK was re-written to be object-oriented and was renamed GTK+.cite-ref-41[41] This was first used in the 0.99 release of GIMP. GTK was subsequently adopted for maintenance by the GNOME Foundation, which uses it in the GNOME desktop environment.
GTK 2
The GTK 2.0.0 release (2002cite-ref-42[42]) series introduced new features which include improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using the Accessibility Toolkit, transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings, and a more flexible API. Starting with version 2.8, GTK 2 depends on the Cairo graphics library for rendering vector graphics.
GTK 3
GTK 4
Release of the first GTK 4 version was in December 2020. At the 2018 edition of DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the then-current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes were being made to GTK 4, and the reasons for those changes. Examples of things that have become possible with GTK 4 were given as well.cite-ref-45[45]
One of the main changes made during the GTK 4 development cycle (i.e. GTK 3.92, etc.) was the removal of user customization options (like individual keyboard shortcuts that could be set in GTK+ 2), and the delegation of functionality to ancillary objects instead of encoding it into the base classes provided by GTK. Other changes include:
β’ Event handling from signal handlers described by GtkWidget is delegated to event controllers.
β’ Rendering is delegated to GtkSnapshot objects.
β’ The layout mechanism is delegated from GtkWidget to GtkLayoutManager.
Releases
| Release series | Initial release |
|---|---|
| Unsupported: 1.0 | 1998-04-13 |
| Unsupported: 1.2 | 1999-02-25 |
| Unsupported: 2.0 | 2002-03-11 |
| Unsupported: 2.2 | 2002-12-22 |
| Unsupported: 2.4 | 2004-03-16 |
| Unsupported: 2.6 | 2004-12-16 |
| Unsupported: 2.8 | 2005-08-13 |
| Unsupported: 2.10 | 2006-07-03 |
| Unsupported: 2.12 | 2007-09-14 |
| Unsupported: 2.14 | 2008-09-04 |
| Unsupported: 2.16 | 2009-03-13 |
| Unsupported: 2.18 | 2009-09-23 |
| Unsupported: 2.20 | 2010-03-23 |
| Unsupported: 2.22 | 2010-09-23 |
| Unsupported: 2.24 | 2011-01-30 |
| Unsupported: 3.0 | 2011-02-10 |
| Unsupported: 3.2 | 2011-09-25 |
| Unsupported: 3.4 | 2012-03-26 |
| Unsupported: 3.6 | 2012-09-24 |
| Unsupported: 3.8 | 2013-03-25 |
| Unsupported: 3.10 | 2013-09-23 |
| Unsupported: 3.12 | 2014-03-25 |
| Unsupported: 3.14 | 2014-09-22 |
| Unsupported: 3.16 | 2015-03-22 |
| Unsupported: 3.18 | 2015-09-23 |
| Unsupported: 3.20 | 2016-03-21 |
| Unsupported: 3.22 | 2016-09-21 |
| Supported: 3.24 | 2018-09-03 |
| Unsupported: 3.90 | 2017-03-31 |
| Unsupported: 3.92 | 2017-10-18 |
| Unsupported: 3.94 | 2018-06-26 |
| Unsupported: 3.96 | 2019-05-07 |
| Unsupported: 3.98 | 2020-02-10 |
| Unsupported: 3.99.0 | 2020-07-31 |
| Unsupported: 4.0 | 2020-12-16 |
| Unsupported: 4.2 | 2021-03-30 |
| Unsupported: 4.4 | 2021-08-23 |
| Unsupported: 4.6 | 2021-12-30 |
| Unsupported: 4.8 | 2022-09-06 |
| Unsupported: 4.10 | 2023-03-04 |
| Unsupported: 4.12 | 2023-08-05 |
| Unsupported: 4.14 | 2024-03-12 |
| Unsupported: 4.16 | 2024-06-09 |
| Latest version: 4.18 | 2025-03-14 |
| Legend: Unsupported Supported Latest ve⦠| |
| Release series | Major enhancements |
|---|---|
| Unsupported: 1.0 | First stable version |
| Unsupported: 1.2 | New widgets : GtkFontSelector GtkPacker⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.0 | GObject Overall support for UTF-8 |
| Unsupported: 2.2 | Multihead support |
| Unsupported: 2.4 | New widgets: GtkFileChooser GtkComboBox⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.6 | New widgets: GtkIconView GtkAboutDialog⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.8 | Most widgets are rendered by Cairo |
| Unsupported: 2.10 | New widgets: GtkStatusIcon GtkAssistant⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.12 | GtkBuilder |
| Unsupported: 2.14 | JPEG 2000 load support |
| Unsupported: 2.16 | New widget: GtkOrientable Caps Lock war⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.18 | New widget: GtkInfoBar Improvement on f⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.20 | New widgets: GtkSpinner GtkToolPalette⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.22 | GdkPixbuf moved to separate module Most⦠|
| Unsupported: 2.24 | New widget: GtkComboBoxText which had p⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.0 | Development and design of the GTK 3 rel⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.2 | New widgets: GtkLockButton GtkOverlay N⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.4 | Menu support in GtkApplication A new co⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.6 | New widgets: GtkSearchEntry GtkMenuButt⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.8 | Wayland 1.0 stable support Support for⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.10 | New widgets: GtkHeaderBar GtkPlacesSide⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.12 | Client-side decorations Support for Way⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.14 | GtkInspector (a copy of gtkparasite) in⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.16 | GDK supports rendering windows using Op⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.18 | Add CSS node infrastructure More filech⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.20 | Further Integration of CSS nodes Move d⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.22 | Last 3.x release Wayland tablet support⦠|
| Supported: 3.24 | 3.22 was supposed to be the last versio⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.90 | GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) merged Remove⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.92 | As GNOME 3.26 was released already on S⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.94 | 3.93 GdkScreen, GdkVisual removed GdkDe⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.96 | The gtk4-builder-tool simplify command⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.98 | Performance improvements Drag and drop⦠|
| Unsupported: 3.99.0 | Introduced successor to Accessibility T⦠|
| Unsupported: 4.10 | GtkFileChooser deprecated (use GtkFileD⦠|
| Release series | Latest minor version |
|---|---|
| Unsupported: 1.0 | 1.0. |
| Unsupported: 1.2 | 1.2.10 |
| Unsupported: 2.0 | 2.0.9 |
| Unsupported: 2.2 | 2.2.4 |
| Unsupported: 2.4 | 2.4.14 |
| Unsupported: 2.6 | 2.6.10 |
| Unsupported: 2.8 | 2.8.20 |
| Unsupported: 2.10 | 2.10.14 |
| Unsupported: 2.12 | 2.12.12 |
| Unsupported: 2.14 | 2.14.7 |
| Unsupported: 2.16 | 2.16.6 |
| Unsupported: 2.18 | 2.18.9 |
| Unsupported: 2.20 | 2.20.1 |
| Unsupported: 2.22 | 2.22.1 |
| Unsupported: 2.24 | 2.24.33 (2020-12-21) |
| Unsupported: 3.0 | 3.0.12 |
| Unsupported: 3.2 | 3.2.4 |
| Unsupported: 3.4 | 3.4.4 |
| Unsupported: 3.6 | 3.6.5 |
| Unsupported: 3.8 | 3.8.9 |
| Unsupported: 3.10 | 3.10.9 |
| Unsupported: 3.12 | 3.12.2 |
| Unsupported: 3.14 | 3.14.15 |
| Unsupported: 3.16 | 3.16.7 |
| Unsupported: 3.18 | 3.18.9 |
| Unsupported: 3.20 | 3.20.10 |
| Unsupported: 3.22 | for 3+ years 3.22.29 |
| Supported: 3.24 | 3.23.0 3.23.1 3.23.2 3.23.3 3.24.0 ...3β¦ |
| Unsupported: 3.90 | 3.89.1 3.89.2 3.89.4 3.89.5 3.90 |
| Unsupported: 3.92 | 3.91.0 3.91.1 3.91.2 3.92.1 |
| Unsupported: 3.94 | 3.93 3.94.0 |
| Unsupported: 3.96 | 3.93 3.94.0 |
| Unsupported: 3.98 | 3.96.0 |
| Unsupported: 3.99.0 | 3.99.4 |
| Unsupported: 4.0 | 4.0.3 |
| Unsupported: 4.2 | 4.2.1 |
| Unsupported: 4.4 | 4.4.1 |
| Unsupported: 4.6 | 4.6.9 |
| Unsupported: 4.8 | 4.8.3 |
| Unsupported: 4.10 | 4.10.5 |
| Unsupported: 4.12 | 4.12.5 |
| Unsupported: 4.14 | 4.14.6 |
| Unsupported: 4.16 | 4.16.12 |
| Latest version: 4.18 | 4.18.6 |
See also
β’ gtkmm β C++ bindings for GTK
β’ Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL) β widget toolkit written for the Enlightenment window manager
β’ FLTK β a light, cross-platform, non-native widget toolkit
β’ Fox toolkit β a fast, open source, cross-platform widget toolkit
β’ IUP β a multi-platform toolkit for building native graphical user interfaces
β’ Ultimate++
β’ Visual Component Library (VCL)
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Bibliography
β’ citerefwright2000Wright, Peter (May 15, 2000), Beginning GTK+ and GNOME (1st ed.), Peer Information, ISBN 978-1-86100-381-2
β’ citereflogan2001Logan, Syd (September 6, 2001), Gtk+ Programming in C (1st ed.), Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-014264-1, archived from the original on September 30, 2012, retrieved August 15, 2009
External links
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